Russia denies involvement in alleged U.S. smuggling network

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Egyptian toe tests show they're likely to be the world's oldest prosthetics

ScienceDaily (Oct. 2, 2012) ? The results of scientific tests using replicas of two ancient Egyptian artificial toes, including one that was found on the foot of a mummy, suggest that they're likely to be the world's first prosthetic body parts.

The University of Manchester researcher Dr Jacky Finch wanted to find out if a three part wood and leather toe dating from between 950 to 710 BC found on a female mummy buried near Luxor in Egypt, and the Greville Chester artificial toe from before 600 BC and made of cartonnage (a sort of papier mach? mixture made using linen, glue and plaster), could be used as practical tools to help their owners to walk. Both display significant signs of wear and their design features also suggest they may have been more than cosmetic additions.

Dr Finch says: "Several experts have examined these objects and had suggested that they were the earliest prosthetic devices in existence. There are many instances of the ancient Egyptians creating false body parts for burial but the wear plus their design both suggest they were used by people to help them to walk. To try to prove this has been a complex and challenging process involving experts in not only Egyptian burial practices but also in prosthetic design and in computerized gait assessment."

Dr Finch, who is based in the Faculty of Life Sciences' KNH Centre for Biomedical Egyptology, recruited two volunteers who were both missing their right big toe. Design replicas of the ancient toes were made to fit each volunteer along with replica leather ancient Egyptian style sandals.

The tests were carried out at the Gait Laboratory at Salford University's Centre for Rehabilitation and Human Performance Research. Each volunteer was asked to walk on a 10 metre walkway bare foot, in their own shoes and wearing the replicas with and without the sandals. Their movement was tracked using 10 special cameras and the pressure of their footsteps was measured using a special mat. The 10 best walking trials were recorded for each foot, using their normal left foot as the control.

It was surprising how well both volunteers were able to walk using these devices although one volunteer performed much better than the other. The camera footage revealed that when wearing the sandals with the cartonnage replica, one of the volunteers achieved 87% of the flexion achieved by their normal left toe. The three part wood and leather design producing nearly 78%. Interestingly the ability to push off using the prosthetic toe was not as good when this volunteer wasn't wearing the sandals. The second volunteer was still able to produce between 60-63% flexion wearing the replicas with or without the sandals.

When wearing the replicas the pressure measurements showed that for both volunteers there were no overly high pressure points. This indicated that the false toes were not causing any undue discomfort or possible tissue damage. However, when the volunteers wore just the replica sandals without the false toes the pressure being applied under the foot rose sharply.

Dr Finch says: "The pressure data tells us that it would have been very difficult for an ancient Egyptian missing a big toe to walk normally wearing traditional sandals. They could of course remained bare foot or perhaps have worn some sort of sock or boot over the false toe, but our research suggests that wearing these false toes made walking in a sandal more comfortable."

Alongside the test data Dr Finch also asked her volunteers to fill in a questionnaire about how they felt when doing the trials in the gait laboratory. Despite it having performed well the comfort scores for the cartonnage replica were disappointing although it was felt to be an excellent cosmetic replacement. Describing the performance of the three part wooden and leather toe both volunteers found this one to be extremely comfortable, scoring it highly, one volunteer commenting that with time he could get used to walking in it.

Assessing the volunteers' experience Dr Finch said: "It was very encouraging that both volunteers were able to walk wearing the replicas. Now that we have the gait analysis data and volunteer feedback alongside the obvious signs of wear we can provide a more convincing argument that the original artefacts had some intended prosthetic function.

The findings from this study, which have been published in the Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, means the earliest known prosthetic is now more likely to come from ancient Egypt. The three part example pre-dates by some 400 years what is currently thought to be the oldest, although untested, prosthetic device. This is a bronze and wooden leg that was found in a Roman burial in Capua, Southern Italy. That has been dated to 300 BC although only a replica now remains as the original was destroyed in a bombing raid over London during the war.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Manchester.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. Jacqueline Louise Finch, Glyn Harvey Heath, Ann Rosalie David, Jai Kulkarni. Biomechanical Assessment of Two Artificial Big Toe Restorations From Ancient Egypt and Their Significance to the History of Prosthetics. JPO Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, 2012; 24 (4): 181 DOI: 10.1097/JPO.0b013e31826f4652

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/7dV4JXFxiQY/121002101534.htm

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FBI offers $50K reward for Mass. terrorism suspect

BOSTON (AP) ? A $50,000 reward is being offered for information leading to the arrest of a Massachusetts man who is wanted on terrorism charges, the FBI said Wednesday.

The FBI said it is seeking the public's help in locating Ahmad Abousamra, a U.S. citizen from Mansfield who authorities believe may be living in the battleground Syrian city of Aleppo with at least one child, a daughter, and extended family. He uses several aliases.

Abousamra, now 31, fled the United States in 2006, shortly after being interviewed by the FBI.

The FBI says Abousamra is an associate of Tarek Mehanna, a Sudbury man convicted on four terrorism charges and sentenced this year to 17? years in prison.

Abousamra was indicted in 2009 after taking multiple trips to Pakistan and Yemen, where he attempted to obtain military training for the purpose of killing American soldiers overseas, the FBI said. He also traveled to Iraq in the hope of joining forces fighting against the United States, but the exact nature of his activities there is unknown, the FBI said.

Prosecutors said during Mehanna's trial that Mehanna and Abousamra had failed to find a terrorist training camp.

"We think that the indictment very clearly characterizes the very serious threat that (Abousamra) poses, and that's why we are initiating our world media campaign today to highlight our fugitive search for him," Richard DesLauriers, special agent in charge of the FBI's Boston field office, told The Associated Press in a telephone interview.

DesLauriers said the FBI has had an active fugitive investigation since Abousamra was indicted in 2009. He would not say what prompted the FBI to launch the publicity campaign now.

Aleppo, where Abousamra may be living, has been devastated in recent months as rebels try to wrest control of it from the regime of President Bashar Assad. Suicide car bombings in the northern Syrian city on Wednesday killed more than 30 people and injured more than 120.

Jason Lydon of the The Tarek Mehanna Support Committee said the $50,000 reward was part of a government campaign "to distract us all from the ongoing U.S. occupation and bombing of Muslim countries and the Islamophobic attacks on Muslims here in the United States."

He added, "We support the right of Muslim people to defend themselves when under attack."

In November 2009, a federal arrest warrant was issued for Abousamra after he was charged with conspiracy to provide material support to terrorists, providing material support to terrorists, conspiracy to kill in a foreign country and other charges. He and Mehanna were charged in a later indictment with an additional count of conspiring to provide material support to a designated foreign terrorist organization, al-Qaida. Abousamra was indicted on nine charges in all.

Special Agent Heidi Williams, a member of the FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Force, said Abousamra and Mehanna were "self-radicalized" and used the Internet to educate themselves.

"They came to it independently, but once they found each other, they encouraged each other's beliefs," Williams said in a statement.

She said both men were inspired by the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. "They celebrated it," she said.

The FBI said it will use traditional media and social media like Facebook and Twitter as well as its website to make photos, an audio clip of Abousamra's voice and wanted posters in English, French and Arabic available to the public.

Abousamra was born in France, is of Syrian descent and has dual citizenship in the United States and Syria. He speaks, reads and writes fluently in English and Arabic, and has a college degree related to computer technology.

___

Online:

fbi.gov, https://tips.fbi.gov

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/fbi-offers-50k-reward-mass-terrorism-suspect-174444122.html

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The 32 Greatest Unscripted Movie Scenes

Much to the dismay of screenwriters, movies scripts aren't always set in stone. They are often like living objects constantly evolving during the filming process. Some films, like Jaws and Annie Hall, don't even have a finished script when the cameras start to roll. Actors and actresses are regularly ad libbing, improvising or going off-script while reciting their lines. Sometimes the directors hate it - other times they love it. Occasionally the improved lines become immortalized as some of the most memorable in cinema history. Check out these 32 great unscripted scenes - you may be surprised at how many of your favorite lines were off-the-cuff. Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) Director - Steven Spielberg While chasing Marion Ravenwood (Karen Allen) after she's been kidnapped, archaeologist and adventurer Dr. Indiana Jones (Harrison Ford) runs into a large sword-wielding bad guy dressed all in black. Instead of fighting him in what would surely be a losing whip versus sword battle, Indy simply pulls out his revolver, puts the man down with one shot and moves on. The original script called for a long sword fight but a day earlier?Ford got a severe case of food poisoning and didn't have the energy to film the scene as written. After a discussion with director Steven Spielberg, the scene was changed and became an iconic?part of Indiana Jones?mythos. Zoolander (2001) Director - Ben Stiller In this scene?involving?former hand model J.P. Prewitt (David Duchovny) and the dimwitted male model Derek Zoolander (Ben Stiller), Prewitt - a conspiracy theorist - explains?how the fashion industry has been behind every high profile political assassination of the last hundred years. Zoolander asks, "Why male models?" Prewitt answers with a?lengthy explanation, after which Zoolander responds again, "Why male models?" Stiller forgot his?original line and just repeated his previous line instead. This?prompted Duchovny to ad-lib?his response "Are you kidding? I just told you like a?minute ago." The scene ends up reinforcing the movie's narrative of?the brainless male model stereotype and?Stiller turned a gaffe into one of the funniest parts of the film. The Godfather (1972) Director - Francis Ford Coppola Vito Corleone (Marlon Brando) is more?than the cold-hearted head of a powerful Italian mob family. That trait shows when he sentences a man to death for the beating of another man's daughter?- all while gently stroking a cat. Thing is, the cat was never part of the original script. Some reports say that Coppola plopped the feline into Brando's lap just before filming began. Other reports say Brando found "il gatto"?roaming around the set, picked him and gave him an offer he couldn't refuse (heh). The Fugitive (1993) Director - Andrew Davis In this famous showdown between Richard Kimble (Harrison Ford) -?a doctor wrongly accused of murdering his wife - and U.S. Marshal Samuel Gerard (Tommy Lee Jones), Kimble gets the jump on Gerard in the sewers. Instead of shooting the Marshal and making things worse, Kimble pleads his case to him saying, "I didn't kill my wife!" Gerard, with a sober tone and intense look on his face, responds with a simple, but brilliant and ad-libbed, piece of dialog, "I don't care." The line wasn't part of the script but those three words reinforced to Kimble, and audiences, that it didn't matter to Gerard whether the doctor was guilty or innocent of the crimes for which he was accused. He was going to get his man - no matter what. The Dark Knight (2008) Director - Christopher Nolan As?the Joker (Heath Ledger) waits quietly alone in jail after having been arrested by Jim Gordon (Gary Oldman), Mayor Garcia (Nestor Carbonell) shows up to look?over Gotham's latest scourge. While there he also promotes Gordon to the position of Commissioner. As the officers in the room applaud the announcement Ledger begins, unscripted, to slowly clap - never changing his facial expression. It was just a simple improvisation but one that was unsettling and darkly brilliant. RoboCop (1987) Director - Paul Verhoeven When?antagonist Clarence Boddicker (Kurtwood Smith) is taken to the police precinct after receiving?a solid whooping by RoboCop (Peter Weller), Boddicker spits a bloody glob onto the paperwork of the desk sergeant, followed by the line "Give me my f*ckin' phone call!" Smith and Verhoeven briefly had discussed the unscripted moment before filming the scene but neglected to inform the extras - which was evident by their real and disgusted surprise as the scene unfolded. Pretty Woman (1990) Director - Garry Marshall In what became one of the most famous scenes from the film, Edward Lewis (Richard Gere) presents call girl Vivian Ward (Julia Roberts) with a gorgeous and rather expensive diamond necklace. As?Roberts?reaches out to touch the precious jewels, Gere - in an unscripted playful moment - quickly snaps the box shut genuinely surprising her. Her laugh was so honest, and the scene so good, that Marshall decided to leave it in the film as is. Being John Malkovich (1999) Director - Spike Jonze Shortly after John Malkovich meets Craig Schwartz (John Cusack) on the side of the road he wanders off mad. As he does, a car passes by with a man leaning out the window. The man throws a can hitting Malkovich square in the back of the head while yelling, "Hey Malkovich! Think Fast!" -?causing the Oscar nominated actor to scream out in legitimate pain. Neither the can throwing nor the reaction were scripted but the drunken extra in the car felt the opportunity was too good to pass up. Jonze thought the scene added to the character's frustration and left it in. Instead of being fired, the extra was added to the final cut of the film and given a raise. Caddyshack (1980) Director - Harold Ramis One of the best and most quoted scenes from this film is "The Cinderella Story" where groundskeeper Carl Spackler (Bill Murray) mutters a story to ?himself about an unknown golfer winning The Masters. This entire scene was developed by Murray on the spot saying in his 1999 book Cinderella Story: My Life in Golf: "The Cinderella Story was a spur-of-the-moment idea. 'Get me some flowers,' I said. 'Four rows of mums." Dumb and Dumber (1994) Director - Farrelly Brothers There are many scenes in the film that show how moronic and simple-minded best friends Lloyd Christmas (Jim Carrey) and Harry Dunne (Jeff Daniels) can be but this one showed how annoying they can be on car trips - and it was entirely unscripted. Even hitman Joe Mentalino's (Mike Starr) hissy fit reaction to the scene was unscripted, which makes the scene that much funnier. Knocked Up?(2007) Director - Judd Apatow Crafting a good and funny insult is one of the hardest things to do but Seth Rogen and Paul Rudd are two of the best - proving it in this scene of put down jokes. This entire exchange between Pete (Rudd) and Ben (Rogen) while in the car was completely ad libbed by the two actors. The scene is only a few seconds long on the final cut but as an extra on the DVD, the scene goes on for over six minutes. Good Will Hunting (1997) Director - Gus Van Sant In this scene between therapist Sean Maguire (Robin Williams) and math genius Will Hunting (Matt Damon), Williams proves that comedic-minded actors usually give the best ad libbed scenes. The entire story about Maguire's?flatulent?spouse was made up on the spot by Williams and not a part of the original script. The Dark Knight (2008) Director - Christopher Nolan Originally, the Joker (Heath Ledger) was supposed to walk down the street while the explosion at the hospital began, get on the school bus during the scripted pause, and the bus would drive away while the explosion finished. However, Ledger stopped walking during the pause and in a moment of improvisation began fidgeting with the remote?detonator?in a very Joker-esque manner - bringing a slight amount of dark humor to what would have just been a serious scene. Aliens (1986) Director - James Cameron Chaos and confusion are everywhere after the first attack by the xenomorphs decimate the Space Marines and their drop ship crashes. As the crew tries to get their bearing and?fully understand what just happened, Private Hudson (Bill Paxton) - ever the pessimist - laments "That's it man, game over man, game over! What are we going to do now?" The original line didn't include the "game over" part and was ad libbed by Paxton. Tootsie (1982) Director - Sydney Pollack During this scene, aspiring playwright Jeff Slater (Bill Murray) was required to appear to be?talking throughout the entire party; however, there was no dialog written for the character. As a?natural entertainer and comedian, Murray improvised the entire scene. The Usual Suspects (1995) Director - Bryan Singer Christopher McQuarrie wrote only one line for this scene - "Give me the keys, you f*cking c*cksucker!" - it was up to the individual actors to deliver it however they wanted. McQuarrie actually plays the cop speaking with the suspects and both his line to Fred Fenster (Benicio Del Toro) "In English please?" and Del Toro's reaction were unscripted. According to interviews on the DVD, the laughing during Del Toro's delivery was due to his constant farting while filming - boys will be boys. The Warriors (1979) Director - Walter Hill In this scene, the script called for Luther (David Patrick Kelly) - leader of the vicious New York gang the Rogues -?to drive up and provoke rival gang The Warriors to a fight in the streets by clinking bottles together. Kelly spontaneously added the now famous line "Warriors, come out to play!? The Godfather (1972) Director - Francis Ford Coppala Corleone?family capo Peter Clemenza (Richard Castellano) orders his henchman Rocco Lampone (Tom Rosqui) to carry out a hit on Paulie Gatto (John Martino) for his betrayal of Don Vito Corleone (Marlon Brando). Castellano's original line was "Leave the gun" but drawing from an earlier scene where?Clemenza's?wife reminds him to bring home some cannoli, he improvised the now famous line "Take the cannoli." Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964) Director - Stanley Kubrick Nuclear scientist Dr. Merkw?rdigliebe or Strangelove (Peter Sellers) was confined to a wheelchair for the entire film -?but Sellers decided to spontaneously stand at the very end of the film, take a couple of steps and proclaim, "Mein F?hrer! I can walk!" In a process known as "retroscripting", Kubrick changed much of the script he co-wrote with Terry Southern to incorporate much of Sellers' improvised dialog, including this?now famously unscripted scene from the end of his black satirical comedy. Saving Private Ryan (1998) Director - Steven Spielberg During a brief break from fighting, Captain Miller (Tom Hanks) sits with Private Ryan (Matt Damon) swapping stories about what it was like back home for them both. The story Damon tells about his brothers and the barn was made up entirely by him during filming. None of the story was part of the original script. ? Jaws (1975) Director - Steven Spielberg While chumming the waters in an attempt to lure the deadly great white shark within range, Police Chief Brody (Roy Scheider)?gets his first look at exactly how massive the killer shark truly is. Stunned, startled and filled with fear he stands up and utters the now famous line to Orca Captain Quint (Robert Shaw) completely off-script, "You're going to need a bigger boat.? Turns out, he was right. Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back (1980) Director - Irvin Kershner As smuggler-turned-hero Han Solo (Harrison Ford) is about to be encased in carbonite, Princess Leia (Carrie Fisher) reveals her love for him. The script called for Leia to say "I love you" to which Solo was supposed to?respond with "I love you too". Ford decided that Solo wouldn't say something like that and instead, changed the line to simply "I know." Reservoir Dogs (1992) Director - Quentin Tarantino The script for Tarantino's violent, freshman project called for jewel thief ?Mr. Blonde (Michael Madsen) to torture Officer Nash (Kirk Baltz) by cutting off his ear with a straight razor - however, Tarantino didn't give Madsen any specific direction?what to do once the gruesome deed had been done. All of Madsen's lines and actions with the ear were improvised by him. Casablanca (1942) Director - Michael Curtiz The scene of?Rick Blaine (Humphrey Bogart) putting Ilsa Lund (Ingrid Bergman) and Victor Laszlo (Paul Henreid) on a plane bound for America with the help of Captain Louis Renault (Claude Rains) is chock full of memorable lines but the line?listed as?5th?in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes?wasn't even part of the original script. According to reports, Bogart said the phrase "Here's looking at you kid"?multiple times to Bergman while teaching her to play poker between takes. Annie Hall (1977) Director - Woody Allen Neurotic Jewish comedian Alvy Singer (Woody Allen) is at a party when his friend passes him a small tin filled with cocaine.?As Alvy takes the tin in his hands he has a violent sneeze - sending white powder everywhere. The?surrounding actors? uncontrollable laughter was spontaneous and genuine and Allen decided to leave it in the final cut of the film after it tested well with audiences. So one of the most famous sneezes in cinema history was never actually intended to be part of the final film - it actually occurred during a scene rehearsal. The Shining (1980) Director - Stanley Kubrick Wendy Torrance (Shelley Duval) and her son Danny (Danny Lloyd) hide from the deranged novelist Jack Torrance (Jack Nicholson) in a hotel bathroom. As Jack begins chopping through the door with a fire axe and sticks his face into the splintered opening, he utters a phrase previously made popular by Ed McMahon on The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson -?"Here's Johnny!" The line was not part of Kubrick's original screenplay and was improvised by Nicholson. Blade Runner (1982) Director - Ridley Scott As ex-blade runner Rick Deckard (Harrison Ford) attempts to "retire" the replicant known as Roy Batty (Rutger Hauer), he finds himself in a precarious position. The battle worn replicant shows mercy on Deckard rescuing him from the edge of the building - only to deactivate himself shortly after giving a moving monologue. As he reminisces about his past he says, "All those moments will be lost in time...," but then Hauer adds the unscripted and?philosophical?phrase "...like tears in the rain." Midnight Cowboy (1969) Director - John Schlesinger As want-to-be gigolo Joe Buck (Jon Voight) and crippled scam artist Ratso (Dustin Hoffman) cross a street in New York City, a REAL NYC taxi cab driver who ignored all the "Street Closed for Filming" signs drives through the scene. Obviously this wasn't scripted and Hoffman's response and actions were all improvised, in character, as a result. A Clockwork Orange (1971) Director - Stanley Kubrick Alex (Malcolm McDowell) breaks into a happy song as he and his "droogs" perform a bit of "ultra-violence" and rape. Reportedly Kubrick filmed this scene several times and wasn't happy with it each time - until he told McDowell to just "do anything he wanted". McDowell decided to belt out "Singing in the Rain" and Kubrick was so pleased with how much better the scene became that he acquired the rights to use the song immediately. Taxi Driver (1976) Director - Martin Scorsese When screenwriter Paul Schrader wrote this scene it simply said "Travis talks to himself in the mirror" - there was no specific dialog given. Everything that?insomnia-plagued taxi driver Travis Bickle (Robert De Niro) says during his faux-conversation was improvised by De Niro on the spot. To this day, whenever someone walks by a mirror they can't help but utter his now famous line "You talking to me?" The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Director - Jonathan Demme The famous "hssssss" sound made by?Dr. Hannibal Lecter (Anthony Hopkins) during his story about eating a liver with "fava beans and a nice Chianti" to FBI agent Clarice Starling (Jodie Foster) wasn't in the original script. Apparently it was something Hopkins did during rehearsals?to creep out Foster - and Demme decided leaving it in was the best way to creep out his audience too. Full Metal Jacket (1987) Director - Stanley Kubrick Originally, R. Lee Ermey wasn't even cast in the role as Gunnery Sergeant Hartman but after Ermey submitted a tape of himself spewing insults at group of Royal Marines for 15 minutes straight, Kubrick cast him immediately Ermey wrote 150 pages of?insults and?Kubrick estimated that 50% of the character?s dialog was improvised by the former drill instructor. As long as there are movies made then there will be actors improvising lines, actions and entire scenes. We can only hope that they will be as good as the ones we just showcased. If you want to watch some of these scenes, then be sure to check out the excellent?video mashup made by the folks over at Mew Lists.

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTFQBHBeleE

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What are some of your favorite unscripted movie scenes? Tell me about them on Twitter - @MoviePaul.

Source: http://screenrant.com/greatest-unscripted-movie-scenes/

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These Stabilized Binoculars Compensate for 98 Percent of Your Shakes and Shivers [Binoculars]

Adapting its military-grade gear for the consumer market, Fraser-Volpe's STEDI-EYE Mariner binoculars promise to remove up to 98 percent of unwanted motion from shaky hands, or vibrations from a moving vehicle. It's weatherproof and packs night vision too, making it an uber-expensive accessory for serious bird watchers. More »

Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/gizmodo/full/~3/COIc0ibu8mg/these-stabilized-binoculars-compensate-for-98-percent-of-your-shakes-and-shivers

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Facebook outlines its ad targeting strategy on one handy page, presents a complex privacy picture

To say that Facebook has to tread lightly around privacy issues is an understatement, especially with a targeted ad push underway. Rather than navigate that minefield once more, the social network hopes to skip it entirely by posting an overview of how the ad system tracks habits while retaining our anonymity. For the most part, Facebook walks the fine line carefully. Its Facebook Exchange auction system relies on a unique, untraceable browser ID to target ads to specific people without ever getting their identity; both a mechanism targeting ads beyond Facebook and a Datalogix deal to track the ad conversion rate use anonymous e-mail address hashes that keep advertisers happy without making the addresses readable to prying eyes. The initiative sounds like it's on the right course, although there's caveats at work. Opting out of any Facebook Exchange ads requires tracking down individual ad providers, which isn't likely to result in many of us leaving the ad revenue stream. Likewise, those who'd object even to the completely anonymous ad profiling don't have a say in the matter. With those concerns in mind, it's doubtful there will be many significant objections in the future -- Facebook knows its advertising money train can only keep churning if its members are comfortable enough to come along for the ride.

Filed under: Internet

Facebook outlines its ad targeting strategy on one handy page, presents a complex privacy picture originally appeared on Engadget on Mon, 01 Oct 2012 16:16:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

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Source: http://www.engadget.com/2012/10/01/facebook-outlines-its-ad-targeting-strategy-on-one-handy-page/

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Craigslist vs. 3Taps: Ownership Of User Generated Web Content At ...

Carl Franzen October 1, 2012, 5:00 PM

In late July, Craigslist filed a lawsuit against a startup company called 3taps accusing it of copyright and trademark infringement for taking Craigslist housing ad posts, indexing them in a searchable database, and offering the data to third parties.

3taps on September 21 responded to Craigslist?s claims, denying the claims and raising the stakes even higher, filing a countersuit accusing Craigslist of being an anticompetitive monopoly.

Now as the two parties continue their legal battle with no quick resolution in sight, 3taps? founder and legal experts are saying the case could be a landmark one for determining who owns and can use user-generated Web content, potentially affecting not just Craigslist posts, but other content such as tweets on Twitter and other social networking data.

?People shouldn?t have any illusions about what goes on when they put a tweet or a Craigslist ad up,? said 3taps founder and CEO Greg Kidd in a telephone interview with TPM. ?It goes into a public place.?

That argument is part of what forms the core of 3taps? counterclaim against Craigslist. As 3tap?s September filing states:

?Onboarding of classified ad content is not reasonably interchangeable with onboarding of other forms of online advertising?like search, display/banner, digital video, mobile, or rich media.?

3taps? suit, filed in the Northern District of California, alleges Craigslist controls 90 percent of the classified ad ?onboarding? market, but states that Craigslist gained this dominant position fairly, a ?natural monopoly.?

However, because Craigslist sued 3taps for copyright and trademark infringement for indexing Craigslist housing ad data in a searchable format, 3taps says that this constitutes Craigslist unfairly wielding its monopoly power in one market to stifle innovation in what 3taps says is a distinct, but related market: ?search-engine indexing of onboarded classified ad content,? that is, the search market for user generated content.

?It?s a problem if folks that are dominating one segment use that dominance to thwart development in another segment,? Kidd told TPM. ?Craigslist dominating the onboarding market shouldn?t allow them to dictate the terms of competition in the search market.?

While legal experts aren?t ready to call the case, they do agree with Kidd?s assessment that the overall legal dispute has implications that reach far beyond the parties involved.

?If the Craigslist copyright claim with respect to user-generated content is effective, that would have important implications for copyright law online,? said Greg Lastowka, an intellectual law professor at Rutgers, in an email to TPM.

Specifically, Lastowka was referring to Craigslist?s original claims in its lawsuit filed on July 20, in which Craigslist asserts: ?Before craigslist posts the ad to its website, the user is required affirmatively to accept craigslist?s TOU [terms of use] and confirm craigslist?s exclusive rights to the user-generated content.?

As Lastwoka went on:

?Many platforms use their terms of service to demand expansive rights with respect to user-generated content, but there have not been many cases where the platforms have sought to leverage those rights against third parties.?

However, as Kidd points out, Craigslist itself has waffled on the ?exclusive license? to its user-generated content, briefly inserting that clause in its terms of use sometime in late July before abruptly withdrawing the ?exclusive license? from the usage agreement in early August, following complaints and critiques from tech writers and user-advocacy groups.

?Craigslist already buckled on its exclusive license,? Kidd said. ?They must have realized that was clearly an overreach and that?s why they took the exclusive license out of their terms of use. But when they took it out, did they stop suing us? No.?

In fact, as Kidd points out, Craigslist has yet to amend its lawsuit to change its assertion to the exclusive license to user-generated content.

Kidd says that fact alone supports his company?s claim that Craigslist?s lawsuit against 3taps is evidence of ?sham litigation,? or a baseless claim designed specifically to interfere with a competitor?s business.

That?s just one of numerous accusations of anticompetitive and innovation-stifiling 3taps accuses Craigslist of pursuing in the 3taps counterclaim (grouped into five counts).

On a more sinister-sounding and technical note, 3taps also accuses Craigslist of ?ghosting,? or obscuring its users? ads from search engines and also bouncing back emails from third party services, like those that rely on 3taps?s index of Craigslist data, without telling the intended recipient of the email ? the original Craigslist ad poster ? that Craigslist is doing this.

?We?re pretty sure they?re doing what we say they?re doing,? Kidd told TPM. ?If you conceal that fact to users and they don?t know they?re being ghosted, that?s a technically doable practice but a questionable one from a business standpoint.?

TPM has reached out to Craigslist and its law firm for a response to Kidd?s and 3taps? claims but did not receive one in time for this article?s publication. We?ll update when we receive a response.

Kidd?s lawsuit also argues that consumers are harmed by Craigslist?s actions. In one prominent example, 3taps provided Craigslist data to another startup called PadMapper, which combined it with other real-estate listings data to generate localized maps of available housing, at least until Craigslist demanded it stop (Craigslist also filed its trademark and copyright infringement suit against PadMapper).

As 3taps lawsuit states:

?If craigslist succeeds in its efforts to use its monopoly power to inhibit 3taps? and its partners? competitive offerings, or even forces 3taps out of the indexing market, consumers will not have access to superior search services and superior onboarding products that real-time search engines are developing.

Still, even if 3taps wins on any of its claims, or at least doesn?t lose to Craigslist?s copyright and trademark infringement claims against it ? Craigslist itself isn?t going anywhere, as Lastowka told TPM.

?I?m pretty sure Craigslist could survive losing every aspect of this case, though a ruling for 3taps would open the door to larger competitors using the data on Craigslist,? Lastowka explained.

Whatever outcome is reached, Lastowka and Kidd believe it will affect the fate of user generated content in general online.

?Some people may want their ads repacked by companies like 3taps so that it reaches a broader audience,? Lastowka wrote to TPM. ?Other people may want their information to remain on Craigslist. Craigslist users may have interests at odds with both parties. For instance, users of Craigslist may want to assert their copyright interests in photos that are uploaded to the site and may want to control their subsequent use. On other user generated content platforms (e.g. Facebook), this would certainly be true.?

?It?s not just Craigslist,? Kidd said. ?Twitter?s going through similar issues now. Who owns what data??

3taps has called for a jury trial on the matter, and the evidence discovery process alone could take the better part of a year. Still, Kidd said he?d rather meet Craigslist and settle the matter before going to a jury trial, but hasn?t heard from the company about that possible route yet.

3taps, Advertising, Antitrust, Classified ads, Competition, Competitiveness, Content, Craigslist, Lawsuits

Carl Franzen

Carl Franzen is TPM Idea Lab's tech reporter. He used to work for The Daily, AOL and The Atlantic Wire (though not simultaneously, thankfully). He's never met a button that didn't need to be pressed. He can be reached at carl@talkingpointsmemo.com.

Source: http://idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com/2012/10/craigslist-3taps-user-content.php

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