SEOUL (Reuters) - Samsung Electronics Co Ltd reported on Friday its sixth straight quarter of profit growth ahead of the debut of its latest Galaxy smartphone, the South Korean IT giant's biggest assault on rival Apple Inc yet.
By launching the Galaxy S4 in the United States on Saturday, Samsung is taking aim at Apple's home market at a time when the iPhone maker appears to have hit a snag. Earlier this week, Apple reported its first profit decline in more than a decade and indicated no major product releases until the fall.
Samsung is widely expected to resume posting record quarterly profits, after a hiatus in January-March, as the S4 is dispatched to 327 mobile carriers in 155 countries.
This week, Samsung has kicked off a massive advertising campaign for the S4 and set up mini stores at Best Buy locations to promote the smartphone. Initial orders have surprised on the upside, with the firm expecting a short-term supply crunch.
Early success of the S4 is crucial in determining the extent of the expected second-quarter record earnings for a company that gets more than 70 percent of its overall profit from mobile devices.
The new S4, which sports a host of software-enabled features, is seen as stealing a head-start on what's widely expected to be an upgraded iPhone later this year. But the Galaxy phone has drawn mixed reviews so far.
Profit from Samsung's mobile division jumped 56 percent to a record 6.51 trillion won in the first quarter, accounting for nearly three quarters of the firm's entire profit, the company said on Friday, before the stock market open.
Samsung, which doesn't provide smartphone sales figures, likely sold 68-70 million smartphones in the quarter ended March, up from 63 million in the previous quarter, according to five analysts.
By contrast, second-ranked Apple said on Tuesday it shipped 37.4 million iPhones in the March quarter, up from 35.1 million a year ago, but down sharply from 47.8 million in the previous quarter.
Samsung's first-quarter overall operating profit increased 54 percent from a year ago to 8.8 trillion won ($7.9 billion), broadly in line with its earlier estimate and almost on par with the fourth-quarter's record of 8.84 trillion won.
Shares in Samsung, valued at around $215 billion, have risen 2 percent in the past three months, beating a 21 percent decline in Apple and a 1 percent drop in the wider market.
FILE - This April 25, 2013 file photo shows the mother of the two Boston bombing suspects, Zubeidat Tsarnaeva, left, speaking at a news conference in Makhachkala, the southern Russian province of Dagestan. Two government officials tell The Associated Press that U.S. intelligence agencies added the Boston bombing suspects' mother to a federal terrorism database about 18 months before the attack. At right is her sister-in-law Maryam. (AP Photo/Musa Sadulayev, File)
FILE - This April 25, 2013 file photo shows the mother of the two Boston bombing suspects, Zubeidat Tsarnaeva, left, speaking at a news conference in Makhachkala, the southern Russian province of Dagestan. Two government officials tell The Associated Press that U.S. intelligence agencies added the Boston bombing suspects' mother to a federal terrorism database about 18 months before the attack. At right is her sister-in-law Maryam. (AP Photo/Musa Sadulayev, File)
FILE - In this Dec. 5, 2011 file photo, two guards are stationed outside the Devens Federal Medical Center (FMC) in Devens, Mass. The U.S. Marshals Service said Friday, April 26, 2013, that Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, charged in the Boston Marathon bombing April 15, 2013, had been moved from a Boston hospital to the federal medical center at Devens, about 40 miles west of the city. (AP Photo/Elise Amendola, File)
FILE - This combination of undated file photos shows Tamerlan Tsarnaev, 26, left, and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, 19. The FBI says the two brothers are the suspects in the Boston Marathon bombing, and are also responsible for killing an MIT police officer, critically injuring a transit officer in a firefight and throwing explosive devices at police during a getaway attempt in a long night of violence that left Tamerlan dead and Dzhokhar captured, late Friday, April 19, 2013. The ethnic Chechen brothers lived in Dagestan, which borders the Chechnya region in southern Russia. They lived near Boston and had been in the U.S. for about a decade, one of their uncles reported said. Since Monday, Boston has experienced five days of fear, beginning with the marathon bombing attack, an intense manhunt and much uncertainty ending in the death of one suspect and the capture of the other. (AP Photo/The Lowell Sun & Robin Young, File)
New York City Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly, left, and Mayor Michael Bloomberg hold a news conference, Thursday, April, 25, 2013 in New York. The two say the Boston Marathon bombing suspects intended to blow up their remaining explosives in Times Square. They said Dzhokhar Tsarnaev told Boston investigators from his hospital bed that he and his brother had discussed going to New York to detonate their remaining explosives. (AP Photo/Mark Lennihan)
This Friday, April 26, 2013 photo shows the entrance of the Devens Federal Medical Center (FMC) in Devens, Mass. The U.S. Marshals Service said Friday that Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, charged in the April 15, 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, had been moved from a Boston hospital to the federal medical center at Devens, about 40 miles west of the city. (AP Photo/Elise Amendola)
BOSTON (AP) ? Boston Marathon bombing suspect Dzhohkar Tsarnaev was moved from a hospital to a federal prison medical center, while FBI agents searched for evidence Friday in a landfill near the college he was attending.
Tsarnaev, 19, was taken from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, where he was recovering from a gunshot wound to the throat and other injuries suffered during a getaway attempt, and transferred to the Federal Medical Center Devens, about 40 miles from Boston, the U.S. Marshals Service said. The facility at a former Army base treats federal prisoners.
Also, FBI agents picked through a landfill near the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, where Tsarnaev was a sophomore. FBI spokesman Jim Martin would not say what investigators were looking for.
An aerial photo in Friday's Boston Globe showed a line of more than 20 investigators, all dressed in white overalls and yellow boots, picking over the garbage with shovels or rakes.
U.S. officials, meanwhile, said that the bombing suspects' mother had been added to a federal terrorism database about 18 months before the deadly attack ? a disclosure that deepens the mystery around the Tsarnaev family and marks the first time American authorities have acknowledged that Zubeidat Tsarnaeva was under investigation before the tragedy.
The news is certain to fuel questions about whether the Obama administration missed opportunities to thwart the April 15 bombing that killed three people and wounded more than 260.
Tsarnaev is charged with joining with his older brother, now dead, in setting off the shrapnel-packed pressure-cooker bombs. The brothers are ethnic Chechens from Russia who came to the United States about a decade ago with their parents. Investigators have said it appears that the brothers were angry about the U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.
Two government officials, speaking on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to speak publicly about the investigation, said the CIA had Zubeidat Tsarnaeva's name added to the terror database along with that of her son Tamerlan Tsarnaev after Russia contacted the agency in 2011 with concerns that the two were religious militants.
About six months earlier, the FBI investigated mother and son, also at Russia's request, one of the officials said. The FBI found no ties to terrorism. Previously U.S. officials had said only that the FBI investigated Tamerlan.
In an interview from Russia, Tsarnaeva said Friday that she has never been linked to terrorism.
"It's all lies and hypocrisy," she told The Associated Press from Dagestan. "I'm sick and tired of all this nonsense that they make up about me and my children. People know me as a regular person, and I've never been mixed up in any criminal intentions, especially any linked to terrorism."
Tsarnaeva faces shoplifting charges in the U.S. over the alleged theft of more than $1,624 worth of women's clothing from a Lord & Taylor department store in Natick, Mass., in 2012.
Earlier this week, she said she has been assured by lawyers that she would not be arrested if she traveled to the U.S., but she said she was still deciding whether to go. The suspects' father, Anzor Tsarnaev, said that he would leave Russia soon for the United States to visit one son and lay the other to rest.
A team of investigators from the U.S. Embassy in Moscow has questioned both parents in Russia this week, spending many hours with the mother in particular over two days.
Meanwhile, New York's police commissioner said the FBI was too slow to inform the city that the Boston Marathon suspects had been planning to bomb Times Square days after the attack at the race.
Federal investigators learned about the short-lived scheme from a hospitalized Dzhokhar Tsarnaev during a bedside interrogation that began Sunday night and extended into Monday morning, officials said. The information didn't reach the New York Police Department until Wednesday night.
"We did express our concerns over the lag," Commissioner Raymond Kelly said. Kelly and Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced the findings on Thursday.
The FBI had no comment Friday.
___
Eileen Sullivan reported from Washington. Associated Press writers Colleen Long in New York and Julie Pace in Washington contributed to this story.
Apr. 26, 2013 ? When predicting the outcome of a fight, the big guy doesn't always win suggests new research on fish. Scientists at the University of Exeter and Texas A&M University found that when fish fight over food, it is personality, rather than size, that determines whether they will be victorious. The findings suggest that when resources are in short supply personality traits such as aggression could be more important than strength when it comes to survival.
The study, published in the journal Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, found that small fish were able to do well in contests for food against larger fish provided they were aggressive. Regardless of their initial size, it was the fish that tended to have consistently aggressive behaviour -- or personalities -- that repeatedly won food and as a result put on weight.
Dr Alastair Wilson from Biosciences at the University of Exeter said: "We wondered if we were witnessing a form of Napoleon, or small man, syndrome. Certainly our study indicates that small fish with an aggressive personality are capable of defeating their larger, more passive counterparts when it comes to fights over food. The research suggests that personality can have far reaching implications for life and survival."
The sheepshead swordtail fish (Xiphophorus birchmanni) fish were placed in pairs in a fish tank, food was added and their behaviour was captured on film. The feeding contest trials were carried out with both male and female fish. The researchers found that while males regularly attacked their opponent to win the food, females were much less aggressive and rarely attacked.
In animals, personality is considered to be behaviour that is repeatedly observed under certain conditions. Major aspects of personality such as shyness or aggressiveness have previously been characterised and are thought to have important ecological significance. There is also evidence to suggest that certain aspects of personality can be inherited. Further work on whether winning food through aggression could ultimately improve reproductive success will shed light on the heritability of personality traits.
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Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
Alastair J Wilson, Andrew Grimmer, Gil G. Rosenthal. Causes and consequences of contest outcome: aggressiveness, dominance and growth in the sheepshead swordtail, Xiphophorus birchmanni. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2013; DOI: 10.1007/s00265-013-1540-7
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Ants play a variety of important roles in many ecosystems. As frequent visitors to flowers, they can benefit plants in their role as pollinators when they forage on sugar-rich nectar. However, a new study reveals that this mutualistic relationship may actually have some hidden costs. By transmitting sugar-eating yeasts to the nectar on which they feed, ants may be indirectly altering the nectar-chemistry and thus affecting subsequent pollinator visitations.
Many species of plants benefit from interacting with ants, and some even secrete special sugary substances to attract ants. Plants produce sugar, in the form of nectar, and in exchange ants provide services such as pollination or protection from herbivores.
The main components of nectar that attract pollinators include three dominant sugars?sucrose, fructose, and glucose?and amino acids (or proteins). The chemical composition of nectar differs among plant species and has been thought to be a conservative trait linked to pollinator type. For example, plants pollinated by hummingbirds tend to have nectar with high amounts of sucrose. In addition, nectar composition is thought to be regulated by the plant.
"When people think about how flowers are pollinated, they probably think about bees," notes Clara de Vega, a postdoctoral researcher at the Estaci?n Biol?gica de Do?ana, Spain. "But ants also pollinate flowers, and I am interested in the role ants play in pollination since it is still poorly understood."
De Vega joined forces with Carlos M. Herrera, an evolutionary ecologist at the Estaci?n Biol?gica de Do?ana, to investigate the relationship between ant pollinators and nectarivorous yeasts. Nectar-dwelling yeasts, which consume sugars, have recently been discovered in the flowers of many temperate and tropical plant species. De Vega and Herrera have already discovered that some ant species not only carry certain types of sugar-metabolizing yeasts on their bodies, but they also effectively transmit these yeasts to the nectar of flowers they visit.
In their most recent work, published in the American Journal of Botany, De Vega and Herrera investigated whether flowers visited by these ants differed from flowers that were not visited by ants in their sugar chemistry, and whether sugar-chemistry was correlated with the abundance of ant-transmitted yeasts found in the nectar.
By excluding ants from visiting inflorescences of a perennial, parasitic plant, Cytinus hypocistis, and comparing the nectar chemistry to inflorescences that were visited by ants, the authors tested these ideas experimentally.
When the authors compared the sugar content in the nectar of flowers visited by ants versus those enclosed in nylon mesh bags to exclude ants, they found that nectar of flowers exposed to ants had higher levels of fructose and glucose, but lower levels of sucrose compared with the ant-excluded flowers.
Interestingly, in flowers visited by ants, there was a high correlation between yeast cell density and sugar content. Nectar that had higher densities of yeast had more fructose and less sucrose, suggesting that the types of yeasts change the sugar content of the nectar. Flowers that were excluded from ants did not have any yeast in their nectar.
"Our study has revealed that ants can actually change the nectar characteristics of the flowers they are pollinating," says de Vega. "The microorganisms, specifically yeasts, that are present on the surface of ants change the composition of sugar in the flower?s nectar."
"This means that nectar composition is not completely controlled by the flower?it is something created in cooperation with the ants that visit the flower," she notes. "We also think that these ant-transported yeasts might have the potential to affect plant reproduction."
Indeed, if a plant cannot control the sugar content of its nectar, then it may lose some of its target pollinators, which would potentially affect overall seed set and plant fitness.
Moreover, if introducing these yeasts to nectar changes the chemistry of the very components that serve to attract pollinators, then perhaps ants are indirectly changing the foraging behavior of subsequent flower visitors and thereby affecting seed dispersal patterns.
This study has revealed an additional layer in the complex association between ants and flowering plants, as pollinating ants alter sugar-nectar chemistry in flowers via sugar-consuming yeasts. But the story does not end here. De Vega plans to continue researching the role that these nectarivorous yeasts play on the reproduction of plants.
"I plan to study the whole interaction of plants, yeasts, and pollinators?how are they interrelated and what mechanisms shape these relations?"
American Journal of Botany: http://www.amjbot.org/
Thanks to American Journal of Botany for this article.
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Apr. 25, 2013 ? Researchers at Wake Forest University's Organic Electronics group have come up with a novel solution to one of the biggest technological barriers facing the organic semiconductor industry today. Oana Jurchescu, an assistant professor of physics, and a team of researchers developed a high performance organic semiconductor 'spray paint' that can be applied to large surface areas without losing electric conductivity. This is a potentially game changing technology for a number of reasons.
Organic thin film transistors are currently deposited by one of three methods. Drop casting and spin coating conduct electricity well but are limited to small area applications. They could not be used to make a wall-sized, flexible video screen for instance. On the other hand, organic spray-on techniques can be applied to large areas but have poor performance when compared to their small-area counterparts.
Jurchescu's work provides the best of both worlds. The spray-deposition technology developed in her lab produced the highest performance organic thin film transistors for this method to date -- (April 2, 2013) -- comparable to those of drop casting and spin coating. Unlike drop casting and spin coating, her spray-deposition technology can be applied over large surfaces to any medium-from plastic and metal to human skin.
Her team's research, High Mobility Field-Effect Transistors with Versatile Processing from a Small-Molecule Organic Semiconductor was published April 2, 2013 in the journal Advanced Materials.
Because of its superb performance and the fact it can be applied over large areas quickly (it is also inexpensive to process compared to inorganic semiconducting materials like silicon), it has the potential to be produced in commercial quantities. The technology is a big step towards realizing futuristic devices such as transparent solar cells on building windows, car roof and bus stations, electronic displays in previously inaccessible spaces and wearable electronics due to the organic plastics' thin, lightweight and conformal nature.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Wake Forest University, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
Yaochuan Mei, Marsha A. Loth, Marcia Payne, Weimin Zhang, Jeremy Smith, Cynthia S. Day, Sean R. Parkin, Martin Heeney, Iain McCulloch, Thomas D. Anthopoulos, John E. Anthony, Oana D. Jurchescu. High Mobility Field-Effect Transistors with Versatile Processing from a Small-Molecule Organic Semiconductor. Advanced Materials, 2013; DOI: 10.1002/adma.201205371
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[unable to retrieve full-text content]Hearing loss from ?acoustic trauma? can be temporary or permanent, depending on whether the harm was to the eardrum or the delicate hairs of the inner ear.
With the release of the Samsung Galaxy S4, the Android smartphone battle lines are drawn. Samsung’s new flagship will go up against the HTC One, and it’s sure to be a fierce fight. Samsung needs to maintain the lead it established in 2012; for HTC, the future of the company depends on the success of the HTC One.
So which one should you buy? As always, it’s never as simple as recommending one device over the other. That’s why we’re launching into a little discussion with Alex and Phil, where we’ll try to spell out exactly where each device is strongest.
Join us after the break as we go back and forth on the HTC One versus Galaxy S4. There’s also a good old-fashioned video comparison, if you’re into that sort of thing.
Tuesday’s reads are just a click away: Rachel Zoe: The number one fashion mistake moms make — Breezy Mama 10 pregnancy photos every mom-to-be should snap — The Stir West Virginia middle schooler arrested after a confrontation over his NRA shirt — ABC News 22 adorable (and affordable!) gifts for Mother’s Day — PopSugar A [...]
Apr. 22, 2013 ? A new review of insect pollinators of crops and wild plants has concluded they are under threat globally from a cocktail of multiple pressures, and their decline or loss could have profound environmental, human health and economic consequences.
Globally, insects provide pollination services to about 75% of crop species and enable reproduction in up to 94% of wild flowering plants. Pollination services provided by insects each year worldwide are valued at over US$200 billion.
The review, published April 22,? 2013 in the scientific journal Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, was carried out by an international team of 40 scientists from 27 institutions involved in the UK's Insect Pollinators Initiative (IPI), a ?10M research programme investigating the causes and consequences of pollinator decline.
Dr Adam Vanbergen from the UK's Centre for Ecology & Hydrology and science coordinator of the IPI led the review. He said, "There is no single smoking gun behind pollinator declines, instead there is a cocktail of multiple pressures that can combine to threaten these insects. For example, the loss of food resources in intensively-farmed landscapes, pesticides and diseases are individually important threats, but are also likely to combine and exacerbate the negative impacts on pollinators."
The review concluded that:
Pollinator populations are declining in many regions, threatening human food supplies and ecosystem functions
A suite of interacting pressures are having an impact on pollinator health, abundance, and diversity. These include land-use intensification, climate change, and the spread of alien species and diseases
A complex interplay between pressures (e.g. lack of food sources, diseases, and pesticides) and biological processes (e.g. species dispersal and interactions) at a range of scales (from genes to ecosystems) underpins the general decline in insect-pollinator populations
Interdisciplinary research and stakeholder collaboration are needed to help unravel how these multiple pressures affect different pollinators and will provide evidence-based solutions
Current options to alleviate the pressure on pollinators include establishment of effective habitat networks, broadening of pesticide risk assessments, and the development and introduction of innovative disease therapies
Co-author Professor Simon Potts from the University of Reading said, "Pollinators are the unsung heroes of the insect world and ensure our crops are properly pollinated so we have a secure supply of nutritious food in our shops. The costs of taking action now to tackle the multiple threats to pollinators is much smaller than the long-term costs to our food security and ecosystem stability. Failure by governments to take decisive steps now only sets us up for bigger problems in the future."
Co-author Professor Graham Stone at Edinburgh University's Institute of Evolutionary Biology said, "a major challenge is going to be understanding the whole ecosystem effects of the specific threats faced by specific pollinators. Complicated as this is, this is nevertheless what we need to do if we want to predict overall impacts on pollination services."
The Insect Pollinators Initiative (IPI) is funded jointly by the BBSRC, Defra, NERC, the Scottish Government and the Wellcome Trust, under the auspices of the Living with Environmental Change programme.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Centre for Ecology & Hydrology.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
Adam J Vanbergen, the Insect Pollinators Initiative. Threats to an ecosystem service: pressures on pollinators. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2013; : 130422054656003 DOI: 10.1890/120126
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Five dollars does not always equal five dollars. Well, I mean, it does but you could definitely stretch your dollar better in another country. Take bananas, for example, $5 gets you 8.5 pounds of it in America but $5 in Ethiopia gets you a whopping 25 pounds of bananas! And more importantly: beer. In China you can get a 12-pack for $5 bucks. Try getting that in America (you only get 4 beers for the same Lincoln). At least we're not as expensive as Australia, right? [BuzzFeed via FoodBeast] More »
AGU: Wildfires can burn hot without ruining soil, new study findsPublic release date: 23-Apr-2013 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Peter Weiss pweiss@agu.org 202-777-7507 American Geophysical Union
WASHINGTON - When scientists torched an entire 22-acre watershed in Portugal in a recent
experiment, their research yielded a counterintuitive result: Large, hot fires do not necessarily
beget hot, scorched soil.
It's well known that wildfires can leave surface soil burned and barren, which increases the risk
of erosion and hinders a landscape's ability to recover. But the scientists' fiery test found that the
hotter the fire-and the denser the vegetation feeding the flames-the less the underlying soil
heated up, an inverse effect which runs contrary to previous studies and conventional wisdom.
Rather, the soil temperature was most affected by the fire's speed, the direction of heat travel and
the landscape's initial moisture content. These new findings could help forest managers plan
when and where to ignite small controlled burns to reduce dry vegetation and restore the
ecosystem in at-risk areas, said Cathelijne Stoof, the soil and water scientist who led this study as
part of her PhD research at Wageningen University in the Netherlands.
A report about the experiment by Stoof, who is now at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York,
and her colleagues has been accepted for publication by Geophysical Research Letters, a journal
of the American Geophysical Union.
To study the real-world effects of landscape and fire dynamics on soil temperature, the research
team mapped the watershed and installed instruments before setting the test area ablaze. During
the burn the scientists monitored the fire and the resulting soil temperatures. As expected, the fire
was most intense in the heavily vegetated areas, but the topsoil in these regions remained
"surprisingly cool" during the duration of the fire, Stoof explained.
"Vegetation is fuel, so the areas with more vegetation had more intense fire," Stoof said. "But
the heavily vegetated regions also were also more moist, which protected the soil."
The areas with the hottest soil temperatures were in direct sunlight and had sparse, dry
vegetation. "Because it's already dried out, it doesn't have the moisture shield that more densely
vegetated areas have to preserve the soil," Stoof said.
Other, previously observed behavior of fires could also help explain the new result, Stoof added.
"Fires moving fast will quickly burn up all the vegetation and also have little effect on the soil,
but slow-moving fires will have much more time to heat up the soil and burn up its organic
matter and seeds," she noted.
Prior to this study, most of the research concerning fire effects on soil "took place in small scale
field or laboratory settings, where they only burned small plots," Stoof said. "But these plots
have less variation than a real watershed. If you have homogeneous conditions, you cannot
extrapolate those results to the larger scale, where fire, soil and vegetation are heterogeneous."
Fire researcher Guillermo Rein of the Imperial College, London, called the results from Stoof
and her colleagues "thought-provoking." They "go against the currently prevalent theory of soil
heating," he said. "This paper ought to quickly mobilize the fire science community so that this
soil heating theory can be reconfirmed, refuted or reformulated."
From the new results, Stoof has devised a strategy to minimize soil damage during controlled
burns. "You need to burn heterogeneous areas in two stages," Stoof said. "Burn the driest area
first when it has some moisture. The damp area will be too damp, and therefore will not carry
fire. Then go back and burn the damp area when it's dried out enough so that it will burn. This
way you end up with minimum soil damage."
But in order to apply the results of this study universally, soil and fire scientists need to work
together and study other types of landscapes, Stoof added. "We just studied one type of
environment and one fire. This experiment needs to be replicated so we can understand how
different vegetation and soil types are affected. If soil scientists work with fire scientists, they
can predict where the damage is going to occur and put up barriers to prevent erosion, or plan
prescribed burns strategically to minimize soil depletion."
###
A scholarship from the International Association of Wildland Fire and a European Commission
contract funded this work.
Notes for Journalists
Journalists and public information officers (PIOs) of educational and scientific institutions who
have registered with AGU can download a PDF copy of this accepted article by clicking on this
link:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50299/abstract
Or, you may order a copy of the final paper by emailing your request to Sarah Charley at
scharley@agu.org. Please provide your name, the name of your publication, and your phone
number.
Neither the paper nor this press release are under embargo.
Title:
"Hot Fire, Cool Soil"
Authors:
Cathelijne R. Stoof: Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY, USA, Land Degradation and Development Group, Wageningen
University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, and Centro de Estudos de Recursos Naturais,
Ambiente e Sociedade, Escola Superior Agrria de Coimbra. Bencanta, Coimbra, Portugal;
Demie Moore: Land Degradation and Development Group, Wageningen University,
Wageningen, The Netherlands;
Paulo M. Fernandes: Centro de Investigao e de Tecnologias Agro-Ambientais e Biolgicas,
Universidade de Trs-os-Montes e Alto Douro. Vila Real, Portugal;
Jetse J. Stoorvogel: Land Dynamics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The
Netherlands;
Ricardo E.S. Fernandes: Gabinete Tcnico Florestal, Cmara Municipal da Lous, Rua Dr. Joo
Santos, Lous, Portugal;
Antnio J.D. Ferreira: Centro de Estudos de Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Sociedade, Escola
Superior Agrria de Coimbra. Bencanta, Coimbra, Portugal;
Coen J. Ritsema: Land Degradation and Development Group, Wageningen University,
Wageningen, The Netherlands, and Soil Physics and Land Use Team, Alterra Green World
Research, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
The following news release and accompanying images can be found at
http://www.agu.org/news/press/pr_archives/2013/2013-14.shtml
AGU Contacts:
Sarah Charley
+1 (202) 777-7516
scharley@agu.org
Peter Weiss
+1 (202) 777-7507
pweiss@agu.org
Cornell University Press Relations Office Contact
John Carberry
+1 (607) 255-5353
jjc338@cornell.edu
[ | E-mail | Share ]
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
AGU: Wildfires can burn hot without ruining soil, new study findsPublic release date: 23-Apr-2013 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Peter Weiss pweiss@agu.org 202-777-7507 American Geophysical Union
WASHINGTON - When scientists torched an entire 22-acre watershed in Portugal in a recent
experiment, their research yielded a counterintuitive result: Large, hot fires do not necessarily
beget hot, scorched soil.
It's well known that wildfires can leave surface soil burned and barren, which increases the risk
of erosion and hinders a landscape's ability to recover. But the scientists' fiery test found that the
hotter the fire-and the denser the vegetation feeding the flames-the less the underlying soil
heated up, an inverse effect which runs contrary to previous studies and conventional wisdom.
Rather, the soil temperature was most affected by the fire's speed, the direction of heat travel and
the landscape's initial moisture content. These new findings could help forest managers plan
when and where to ignite small controlled burns to reduce dry vegetation and restore the
ecosystem in at-risk areas, said Cathelijne Stoof, the soil and water scientist who led this study as
part of her PhD research at Wageningen University in the Netherlands.
A report about the experiment by Stoof, who is now at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York,
and her colleagues has been accepted for publication by Geophysical Research Letters, a journal
of the American Geophysical Union.
To study the real-world effects of landscape and fire dynamics on soil temperature, the research
team mapped the watershed and installed instruments before setting the test area ablaze. During
the burn the scientists monitored the fire and the resulting soil temperatures. As expected, the fire
was most intense in the heavily vegetated areas, but the topsoil in these regions remained
"surprisingly cool" during the duration of the fire, Stoof explained.
"Vegetation is fuel, so the areas with more vegetation had more intense fire," Stoof said. "But
the heavily vegetated regions also were also more moist, which protected the soil."
The areas with the hottest soil temperatures were in direct sunlight and had sparse, dry
vegetation. "Because it's already dried out, it doesn't have the moisture shield that more densely
vegetated areas have to preserve the soil," Stoof said.
Other, previously observed behavior of fires could also help explain the new result, Stoof added.
"Fires moving fast will quickly burn up all the vegetation and also have little effect on the soil,
but slow-moving fires will have much more time to heat up the soil and burn up its organic
matter and seeds," she noted.
Prior to this study, most of the research concerning fire effects on soil "took place in small scale
field or laboratory settings, where they only burned small plots," Stoof said. "But these plots
have less variation than a real watershed. If you have homogeneous conditions, you cannot
extrapolate those results to the larger scale, where fire, soil and vegetation are heterogeneous."
Fire researcher Guillermo Rein of the Imperial College, London, called the results from Stoof
and her colleagues "thought-provoking." They "go against the currently prevalent theory of soil
heating," he said. "This paper ought to quickly mobilize the fire science community so that this
soil heating theory can be reconfirmed, refuted or reformulated."
From the new results, Stoof has devised a strategy to minimize soil damage during controlled
burns. "You need to burn heterogeneous areas in two stages," Stoof said. "Burn the driest area
first when it has some moisture. The damp area will be too damp, and therefore will not carry
fire. Then go back and burn the damp area when it's dried out enough so that it will burn. This
way you end up with minimum soil damage."
But in order to apply the results of this study universally, soil and fire scientists need to work
together and study other types of landscapes, Stoof added. "We just studied one type of
environment and one fire. This experiment needs to be replicated so we can understand how
different vegetation and soil types are affected. If soil scientists work with fire scientists, they
can predict where the damage is going to occur and put up barriers to prevent erosion, or plan
prescribed burns strategically to minimize soil depletion."
###
A scholarship from the International Association of Wildland Fire and a European Commission
contract funded this work.
Notes for Journalists
Journalists and public information officers (PIOs) of educational and scientific institutions who
have registered with AGU can download a PDF copy of this accepted article by clicking on this
link:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50299/abstract
Or, you may order a copy of the final paper by emailing your request to Sarah Charley at
scharley@agu.org. Please provide your name, the name of your publication, and your phone
number.
Neither the paper nor this press release are under embargo.
Title:
"Hot Fire, Cool Soil"
Authors:
Cathelijne R. Stoof: Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY, USA, Land Degradation and Development Group, Wageningen
University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, and Centro de Estudos de Recursos Naturais,
Ambiente e Sociedade, Escola Superior Agrria de Coimbra. Bencanta, Coimbra, Portugal;
Demie Moore: Land Degradation and Development Group, Wageningen University,
Wageningen, The Netherlands;
Paulo M. Fernandes: Centro de Investigao e de Tecnologias Agro-Ambientais e Biolgicas,
Universidade de Trs-os-Montes e Alto Douro. Vila Real, Portugal;
Jetse J. Stoorvogel: Land Dynamics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The
Netherlands;
Ricardo E.S. Fernandes: Gabinete Tcnico Florestal, Cmara Municipal da Lous, Rua Dr. Joo
Santos, Lous, Portugal;
Antnio J.D. Ferreira: Centro de Estudos de Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Sociedade, Escola
Superior Agrria de Coimbra. Bencanta, Coimbra, Portugal;
Coen J. Ritsema: Land Degradation and Development Group, Wageningen University,
Wageningen, The Netherlands, and Soil Physics and Land Use Team, Alterra Green World
Research, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
The following news release and accompanying images can be found at
http://www.agu.org/news/press/pr_archives/2013/2013-14.shtml
AGU Contacts:
Sarah Charley
+1 (202) 777-7516
scharley@agu.org
Peter Weiss
+1 (202) 777-7507
pweiss@agu.org
Cornell University Press Relations Office Contact
John Carberry
+1 (607) 255-5353
jjc338@cornell.edu
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Apr. 21, 2013 ? Snot. It's not something most of us spend a lot of time thinking about, but, for a team of researchers in Washington, D.C., it's front and center.
Robert I. Henkin, founder of the Taste and Smell Clinic in is charmingly self-deprecating. He says with a chuckle that he's often called a "spit and snot doctor," but he knows all too well that for his patients -- those who no longer can appreciate the fragrance of fresh-cut grass or the intricacies of an herb-infused sauce -- such loss is no laughing matter.
"You might think: 'Oh well, you can still hear. You can still see.' But it's amazingly important to be able to taste and smell," Henkin says. "When you say 'hello' in (some parts of China), you don't say 'hello' -- you say 'Have you eaten yet?' In other words, the social aspects of being able to eat and enjoy that are critical, and to lose that -- you lose a significant part of life."
Henkin, who at the National Institutes of Health established the first clinical program to study taste and smell dysfunction, has spent the better part of his professional life trying to get the lay of the land when it comes to the fluids that contribute to those two senses. He and his team over the years have conducted countless experiments to figure out what makes up nasal mucus and saliva and how those components affect taste and smell.
"The thing to recognize is there are 21 million people in the United States who have some abnormality of smell function. That's an amazing number," says Henkin.
On Sunday, April 21, Henkin will present new research results at the Experimental Biology 2013 conference with the hope that attendees there also will take the mission seriously, build upon his findings and come up with new therapies for patients like his.
Henkin's newest work describes the concentrations of cytokines, molecules involved in cell signaling, in nasal mucus. He'll present his findings at the annual meeting of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, which is being held in conjunction with the Experimental Biology 2013 conference.
"In a rather na?ve way, we went ahead and looked at these cytokines in nasal mucus because nobody's ever done it before," Henkin explains. This kind of strategy is par for the course for Henkin, who also was the first to report which proteins are present in saliva in 1978 and which proteins are present in nasal mucus in 2000. He emphasizes that "you can't understand the (disease) mechanisms unless you understand what's there."
"This whole role of nasal mucus -- what's there, how it works -- is something that (researchers) haven't really considered," he says. "It takes a dumb guy like me to go ahead and say 'OK, let's figure out what's there, and then we can see what we're going to do about it. It's a different approach."
What's so different about it? Henkin says most of his patients come to him as a last resort, because their primary physicians and even specialists can't offer any lasting solutions.
"The people who are interested in (smell loss) are primarily otolaryngologists, and they're trained as surgeons ? They're not trained to think about this" on the molecular level, Henkin says. "So they look at the nose, and if there's a polyp they'll take it out and say, 'Aha, there's the answer. We'll make the nasal cavity cleaner.' Well, these (molecular) structures in the nose that cause these problems are manifestations of some underlying disease process, which they've been trying to figure out for a while but haven't really succeeded."
Henkin's group has succeeded in restoring smell loss in many patients -- and sometimes by seemingly unconventional means. A few years back, they tested out a drug long used in asthmatics, theophylline, and they found that oral use could induce higher levels of a protein called cAMP in nasal mucus, which improved some patients' ability to smell. The team later found that administering a smaller dose intranasally produced a more profound effect.
Henkin says examples like that underscore the importance of understanding the molecular makeup of nasal mucus and the interactions within, rather than immediately turning to surgery or, another common practice, giving patients steroids.
"Because they've used these (steroids) to inhibit polyp formation in the nose, what happens is that in some people the smell comes back for a limited period of time. It may come back for a day or a week. And then when the drug wears off, they can't smell again," Henkin says. "We now understand a little bit about how that works -- how it affects those cytokines and other substances."
Cytokines are molecules that deliver information and induce some kind of response -- usually during immunological and inflammatory processes. Henkin's team found that in nasal mucus of patients with smell loss the concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokines was much higher than the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines . This balance is important, he says, because the cytokine interleukin-6, which is pro-inflammatory, was particularly abundant.
"We'd looked at the literature and recognized that IL-6 is obviously elevated in a number of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. As a matter of fact, with rheumatoid arthritis you commonly have smell loss," Henkin says. "We're trying to make these connections, you see, and understand the relationships in these underlying interactions -- to give people some idea (about) homeostasis in the nasal cavity, how it's occurring, what's in nasal mucus and how each of these substances plays a specific role in smell function."
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Seoul Race Park?s novelty race on Owners? Cup day between an athlete, a racehorse and an off-road Sports buggy, ended in an unexpected win for the human.
Gyeongbuk University student Lee Jae Ha on his way to beating a horse and a car at Seoul Race Park on Sunday.
Gyongbuk University student Lee Jae Ha, who started the handicap race at the furlong pole, could have had his feet up with a big cigar by the time the slow starting buggy crossed the line in second, trailing a sandstorm in its wake, with the horse back in third. Lee, running on a length of matting that was stretched for 200 metres over the deep sand of the home straight, finished the race in 25.43 seconds.
The buggy completed its 450 metres in 26.32 seconds while the racehorse, an 8-year-old mare called Blessed (The Groom Is Red) took 28.43 seconds to complete 400 metres having been very slow out of the gate. Jockey Lee Gi Hweoi rode the mare who was actually retired from racing in 2010 and has been retrained as a recreational horse so perhaps wasn?t in peak race condition.
Throughout the day, punters had been able to ?vote? on which they thought would win with all those correctly picking the human (significantly fewer than those who went for the other two options) being entered into a prize draw.
The event was part of the KRA?s push to get more people into the track and coincided with a special ?Beginners and Couples Zone? opening on the first floor of the grandstand. More on that shortly.
Tags: Blessed, Gimmicks, Lee Jae Ha
This entry was posted on April 22, 2013 at 2:01 pm and is filed under News. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
So, you've built yourself a nice little product. Maybe you've raised a small friends-and-family round; maybe you're still bootstrappin' it solo. Either way, now you're looking to raise at least a million dollars to help with the next steps. While there's no perfect formula for stuff like this, these stats from AngelList's Ash Fontana are a solid indication of the metrics you should be aiming for.
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) -- Federal investigators on Monday called on California to strengthen oversight of refineries after a probe into the cause of an intense fire at Chevron Corp.'s Richmond refinery found numerous company and regulatory lapses that, if reversed, could have averted the accident.
The U.S. Chemical Safety Board released an interim investigative report of the Aug. 6 refinery fire, which was caused by a corroded pipe that failed and released a massive vapor cloud that engulfed 19 employees. While it was a close call, none were seriously injured.
Still, the resulting black plume of smoke drifted over nearby neighborhoods and sent 15,000 residents into hospitals seeking treatment for breathing problems and eye irritation, 20 of whom were admitted for treatment, the CSB said.
The board's investigation found that Chevron's own technical staff made at least six recommendations since 2002 to increase inspections or upgrade equipment in the crude unit containing the 1970s-era pipe that eventually failed.
Still, as Chevron's own investigation of the incident found, the company neglected its own internal recommendations and failed to replace the pipe.
"Chevron failed to replace critical sections of piping at the crude oil unit over a 10-year period," Rafael Moure-Eraso, chairman of the chemical board, said. "The company was aware of sulfur corrosion ... and risk of catastrophic failure."
Chevron said it is reviewing the CSB's report and working closely with the agency to build more transparency into its safety culture.
"The refinery has also begun to implement an enhanced process for regular damage mechanism reviews for each unit and piping circuit to improve the evaluation of known damage mechanisms, the potential consequences of a failure, and the safeguards necessary to mitigate failures and other potential risks," Melissa Ritchie, a Chevron spokesperson, said in an emailed statement.
The CSB's report says Chevron and the entire industry knew that the increased use of crude oils with higher sulfur content would cause higher rates of corrosion in their old pipes.
But neither state nor federal regulations required the company to replace the old pipes with more sulfur-resistant materials.
California and federal governments should create new regulations that require companies to use the "safest feasible technologies and materials," the investigators said.
"Make no mistake: the ultimate issue here is not corrosion but how to make effective corporate decisions, and regulators need effective tools and resources to encourage companies to make the right choices," Moure-Eraso said. He said the state's moves could help strengthen safety at the nation's 144 refineries.
The board is also recommended that the California Division of Occupational Safety and Health, or Cal/OSHA, hire more technical staff who can help the agency do a better job at refineries.
Cal/OSHA issued 25 citations carrying nearly $1 million in fines related to the incident and other issues at the Richmond refinery.
Some state lawmakers have supported the CSB's call for more intense regulation.
"While Chevron is ultimately responsible for the safety of its workers and the surrounding community, the Chemical Safety Board correctly points out that our existing regulations were not adequate to ensure safe operations," Assemblymember Nancy Skinner, D-Berkeley, said in a statement.
"We need to ensure that OSHA has adequate funding and staffing, as well as to enact more precise safeguards so that California's chemical and refinery facilities are not a disaster waiting to happen."
ESPN analyst Jon Gruden sees potential in former Tennessee quarterback Tyler Bray.
But Gruden also sees a QB prospect who has considerable work to do.
Speaking on a media conference call Monday, Gruden indicated that Bray?s approach to and understanding of the game need to improve.
?I just think there?s a lot of refinement that needs to take place,? Gruden said of Bray. He?s got to learn how to manage some situations better. He?s got to deliver at crunch time. He?s got to polish his game.
?He?s got to do better in terms of handling pressure. He?s not a mobile quarterback. He?s got to know where his hot receivers are. He?s got to know what audible to get to.?I think his preparation needs to increase so he can be all that he can be.?
On the positive side of the ledger, Gruden likes Bray?s arm strength.
?I just think this kid has a rare ability to throw the football, and a lot of what he did at Tennessee I think is overshadowed with their won-and-loss record,? Gruden said.
Gruden isn?t the only NFL observer who?s both intrigued and reserved about Bray, who left Tennessee after his junior season. In March, NFL Network?s Mike Mayock said ?several? league coaches he communicated with had ?concerns? about Bray.
Though 2009?s G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra was a sizeable success at the box office, Paramount decided to retool their approach to the franchise with this year?s sequel G.I. Joe: Retaliation.? The studio?s secret weapon for the follow-up was Dwayne Johnson, who has quickly become a kind of ?human steroid injection? for film franchises in need of a punch-up (see also: Fast Five and Journey 2: The Mysterious Island).? Johnson took the lead this time around as Roadblock, and the result was an impressive $40.5 million opening weekend with a worldwide total currently sits at a little over $270 million.? Understandably, Paramount officially greenlit yet another G.I.?Joe?sequel mere days after?Retaliation opened in theaters.
Steve recently spoke with Johnson in anticipation of Michael Bay?s upcoming black comedy Pain & Gain, and the actor talked briefly about the preliminary plans for G.I. Joe 3.? Hit the jump to see what he had to say.
During their interview, Steve asked Johnson if he?s already thinking about what he?d like to see in a G.I. Joe?sequel, and it sounds like they?ve hit the ground running with regards to the development process on G.I. Joe 3:
?What we would love to do with the sequel to G.I. Joe, which will definitely happen?we set ourselves up nicely with this past G.I. Joe because we really paid attention with respected homage to the mythology.? And now that we?ve redesigned that foundation of the mythology, there are many places to go.? There are phenomenal G.I. Joe characters who we can bring to life, we?re all talking about it now, and certainly [thinking about] using the 3D platform in even better ways for the next one, so, I?m very excited about that.?
Again, it?s very early stages on G.I. Joe 3 (a director hasn?t even been announced), but it definitely sounds like Johnson is integral to the planning process on the next film.? Look for Steve?s full interview with Johnson closer to the release of Pain & Gain, and click here if you missed what Johnson had to say about?Fast & Furious 7.
Young scientists find advantages to pursuing related problems ? sometimes for years on end
Young scientists find advantages to pursuing related problems ? sometimes for years on end
By Susan Gaidos
Web edition: April 15, 2013
Enlarge
Student Erika DeBenedictis spent years studying the so-called interplanetary superhighway, illustrated here. Her persistence paid off: In 2010, her work placed first in the premier student research competition for high school seniors.
Credit: Martin Lo, Caltech
The students (and former students) profiled here have all worked on long-term science fair projects. The tips they offer suggest how you can get started ? and the benefits from sticking with the same theme, digging deeper for two or more years.
Visit the new?Science News for Kids?website?and read the full story:?When one question leads to another
Apr. 12, 2013 ? New research fuels hope of efficient hydrogen production with green algae being possible in the future, despite the prevailing scepticism based on previous research. The study changes the view on the potential of green algae ? which is good news. The world must find a way of producing fuel from renewable energy sources to replace the fossil fuels. Hydrogen is today considered one of the most promising fuels for the future and if hydrogen can be produced directly from sunlight you have a renewable and environmentally friendly energy source. One biological way of producing hydrogen from solar energy is using photosynthetic microorganisms.
The world must find a way of producing fuel from renewable energy sources to replace the fossil fuels. Hydrogen is today considered one of the most promising fuels for the future and if hydrogen can be produced directly from sunlight you have a renewable and environmentally friendly energy source.
One biological way of producing hydrogen from solar energy is using photosynthetic microorganisms. Photosynthesis splits water into hydrogen ions (H+) and electrons (e-). These can later be combined into hydrogen gas, (H2) with the use of special enzymes called hydrogenases. This occurs in cyanobacteria and green algae, which have the ability to use energy from the sun through photosynthesis and produce hydrogen through their own metabolism.
That green algae can produce hydrogen under certain conditions has been known and studied for about 15 years, but low efficiency has been a problem, i.e. the amount of energy absorbed by the algae that is transformed into hydrogen. One enzyme that has the ability to use sunlight to split water into electrons, hydrogen ions and oxygen is Photosystem II. Several studies have shown that some of the electrons from the enzyme are used to produce hydrogen gas under special conditions. But some have stated that most of the hydrogen gas gets its energy from other paths in the metabolism of the green algae. This would entail that it is not a matter of actual direct production of hydrogen from sunlight, and that green algae are no more efficient as energy crops than plants.
A group of researchers at Uppsala University, led by Senior Lecturer Fikret Mamedov and Professor Stenbj?rn Styring, have now made a discovery that changes the view on hydrogen production from green algae. The researchers studied in detail how Photosystem II works in two different strains of the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. By measuring exactly how the amount and activity of Photosystem II varies under different conditions, and thereby affects hydrogen production, they found that a considerable amount of the energy absorbed by Photosystem II goes directly into hydrogen production.
"As much as 80 per cent of the electrons that the hydrogen-producing hydrogenases need come from Photosystem II, which is much more than previously believed. This means that most of the hydrogen production is driven directly by solar energy. The discovery gives us hope that it in the future will be possible to control the green algae so that the efficiency becomes significantly higher than it is today," says Professor Stenbj?rn Styring.
The study received funding from, among others, the Swedish Energy Agency, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation and the Swedish Research Council.
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Journal Reference:
Alena Volgusheva, Stenbj?rn Styring, and Fikret Mamedov. Increased photosystem II stability promotes H2 production in sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PNAS, April 15, 2013 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220645110
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So, you've built yourself a nice little product. Maybe you've raised a small friends-and-family round; maybe you're still bootstrappin' it solo. Either way, now you're looking to raise at least a million dollars to help with the next steps. While there's no perfect formula for stuff like this, these stats from AngelList's 
During their interview, Steve asked Johnson if he?s already thinking about what he?d like to see in a G.I. Joe?sequel, and it sounds like they?ve hit the ground running with regards to the development process on G.I. Joe 3: